May I set the table, and you please define what's on the plate for me?
My old, hand held light meter, and the Golden Rule suggests: f16 * 1/125 * ISO 100, shooting at noon, outside, no clouds, no shadows, should equal a well "Exposed" photograph, either on film or digital.
Are "Exposed", or "Exposure" or "Exposure Settings" the right term(s) to describe the three camera settings my light meter gives for pretty good photographic results??? If not, then what is the correct term?
Exposure is the correct term to describe the trio of the the scene luminance, the relative aperture (f-ratio), and the shutter speed.
See here.
Your camera's exposure settings for the given scene are the f-ratio and the shutter speed. Your camera's settings include the ISO.
Can this photograph be said to have "Good Exposure"??? If not, then what is the correct term?
Your (reflective) light meter, if it's like most, does not provide you with three settings. Rather it expects you to set the ISO (relevant to film but not digital), and then it provides you with exposure settings (f-ratio and SS) "appropriate" to an "average" scene for that ISO.
In practice, it is impossible to tell whether the indicated exposure will be "good." It depends on the nature of the scene (particularly its DR relative to that of the camera's) and just how you measure the scene.
With a digital camera, one tends to be better off forgetting the meter readings and employing the technique of ETTR.
See here. Scenes unable to be properly exposed using ETTR tend to require HDR techniques.
If I then change the camera settings to: f11 * 1/250 * ISO 100 (same light), did I change the "Exposure",or "Exposure Settings"?? If not, then what is the correct term for the change?
The exposure has not been changed, but your exposure settings have.
One more.
Then (same light) I change to: f11 * 1/500 * ISO 200 (employ a "times two" amplifier to the image device output signal), did I change the "Exposure", or "Exposure Settings" ???
You have now changed the exposure settings to lower the exposure by one stop, but altered the camera settings to compensate so as to result in an LCD image of the same brightness. This compensation may or may not be reflected in the raw data, depending on the camera. In most cameras it will.
If not, then what is the correct term for the addition of the signal amplifier?
It may or may not involve an amplification, but you have reduced the exposure and increased the in-camera ISO.