In the stand-alone Photoshop versions, there was always 8 bit & 16 bit versions. The former I used with some older filters. Is there any work around to using 8 bit filters in Photoshop CC?
Are you saying that you can't choose between 8 and 16-bit in PS or that your filters are no longer working in CC?
I believe you confuse two types of bits. Images can be in 8 bit/color or 16 bits per color. Some filter may not work with 16 bits/color, but they sure all work with 8 bits/color.
Photoshop itself is 64 bits computer code. Your old filters are 32 bits code. That is why they don't work in Photoshop CC anymore. There has been a period when Photoshop was installed in 32 bits and 64 bits versions.