I will load two photos I took 10 years ago to explain the f value below.
I'm not seeing anything resembling blackwater.
Let's say you have a 5 cm DOF, you have a range of 2.5 cm forward to 2.5 cm back. If the subject moves 1 cm forward or backward after focusing, that is, at the time of the shooting, the sharpness will deteriorate. A 1 cm movement within a 5 cm range disrupts the clarity. Shooting with f25 instead of f11 will not gain you anything. It makes more sense by shooting consecutively. Acceptable sharpness is unacceptable for a good photo.
Shooting small apertures helps keeping the deterioration below the floor of which the camera sensor can resolve.
Are you using your pop-up flash to trigger?
No.
You told me you have UW Technics TTL converter and I checked it has HSS support, your camera also has HSS support.
Yes.
If you use TTL converter 1/200 and even 1/1000 does not get you black exposure in macro shooting.
If I don't explicitly enable HSS on the strobes - yes it will. Enabling HSS requires loading it into the U1 or U2 custom mode banks, then twisting the mode knob to the appropriate position.
Flashes must have a large battery, my YS250s can burn easily at 10 fps
Not at anything resembling full power; its recycle time at full power is
specified at 1.8 seconds, and manufacturers routinely lie on this statistic, claiming recycle time to 70-80% of charge as 'full'.
I'm using Retra Pro strobes with supercharger battery packs, so 8xAA per strobe. This gives me a sustained 3fps at half power. At 75% power, 3fps starts missing shots. 11fps works at up to 6% power.
and fully synchronized even at 1/2000 in HSS.
YS-250 does not support HSS. It does have an unusually long pulse duration, with approximates HSS to a certain degree, but that is not true HSS.
Power loss in HSS is valid for long distances.
Distance has nothing to do with it. A strobe in HSS mode flickers at a rapid pace (typically 40kHz) rather than producing a single continuous pulse. This severely constrains the overall brightness - usable range drops as a consequence of that, not by itself.
For shots from 3-5 meters away, there is no problem with TTL.
For one thing, 3-5 meters away, underwater?! Are you kidding me? May as well be in a different ocean. For another, HSS and TTL don't work together, at least on my system. HSS is manual-only.
Weefine or Kraken S05 and Isotta Red 64 are very good and has big powerful battery.
That Weefine strobe is
terrible, somehow they managed to design a circular tube strobe that leaves an unlit spot in the middle of the frame, and has a narrow beam. Its only standout feature is long battery life. Isotta RED64 is good, but huge, heavy, extremely expensive, doesn't have any accessories, and doesn't support HSS either.
I took this 10 years ago in Arabian-Basra gulf. (these are untouched original copy) This is a larval juvenile boxfish. It is very difficult to notice with the eyes. The length of the cardinal fish on the back is 5-6 cm, its head is 1.5-1 cm. Guess the size of the boxfish. Full focus and f22, inspect sharpness.
That's a juvenile, not larval stage, and I've seen them smaller, when they're still totally round - yours is starting to grow ridges. Besides, your first shot seems to simply miss focus completely, if not by much - the tailfin appears sharper than the nose. The second shot is focused on the target's face, but the tail is completely out of focus, as a consequence of reduced DoF.
ISO 100, TTL and f8 -f11and HSS always make a difference..
Difference? Sure, but Kazimir Malevich has done his 'Black Square' over a century ago; it's not really innovative in 2022.