It may have needed to be bigger if the throat was smaller and a shorter flange. I know it sounds a little converse, but it may have meant less correcting elements to achieve this design on Z mount than F mount. Or, conversely, they may have needed many more elements to correct an F mount version of similar zoom range. I mean, there has to be a reason there was no F mount version that was 14-30 f4, why just have a 16-35 f4 and not a 14-30 f4? I know an F mount version would have been more popular and useful if it would have been made as small and light as the Z mount we now have.
At the end of the day, the lens is smaller for a reason and it must have something to do with the mount width and/or flange distance otherwise it would be looking more like the 16-35.
There could be other reasons why it's different.
Possibly.
The short throat allows more symmetric lenses, but this ain't one.
I think the 14-24 f2.8S will more likely show how the new mount is of benefit, just like the 24-70 f2.8S.
Maybe. We won't know until the diagram is published.
Again possibly. However, we have seen mock ups that appear to show no bulbous front element and looking like filter threads. Now, these may bring into the argument of a different compromise. In other words, to obtain this ability of filter threads and no bulbous front element may mean that they had to design it differently to achieve this and thus it may not be all that much smaller or lighter. Or conversely, it may mean that they can easily design it without the bulbous front element simply
because of the new mount geometry.