Why are fast m4/3 zoom lenses so big?

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I posted this over on the panasonic compact forum, but I think perhaps folks here would have a better answer.

I own the LX100, as a supplement to my Canon 6d, for times when that system is either unnecessary or inappropriate. Examples of such times include nice dinners at restaurants, trips that are mostly business, casual walks, biking, xc skiing, etc...I use the LX100 a lot - maybe one third of all my photos lately.

For times like these, I want a relatively compact camera -- though I have no need to stick the thing in a pocket -- that can take very high quality images. This set of needs is what led me to the LX100.

I have been super happy with the LX100; but obviously every camera can be better. Features like a touch screen, tilt screen, 20MP sensor, no AA filter, etc...

This inspired me to start looking at a "real" m4/3 system. I immediately fell in love with many of the cameras, their functionality, their size, ... However, it became immediately apparent that to get decently fast zoom lenses, you lose much of the portability that the m4/3 system is supposed to offer.

Yes, it's still smaller than FF, but it's far too large to be unobtrusive and portable.

What I really don't understand is why an f/2.8 normal zoom (say, 24-70ish) for a regular m4/3 body is so big, yet the same (even faster, longer) lens on the LX100 is so small.

Why is it like this? What specific design elements make a fixed lens able to be so much smaller than an interchangeable lens? Is this really a design issue, or is this some sort of business and marketing decision?

As an example, you need look no further than the kit lens that comes with the GX85 (that I am considering buying, d/t the lack of an LX100 successor). It is a 12-32 - so less range at the long end than the LX100 lens, and is f/3.5-5.6 - so a LOT LOT slower at all focal lengths. It lacks a manual focus ring (which rules it out for me), an aperture ring, and the multi aspect ratio adjuster. It is impossible to find specs that can directly compare the two, but the 12-32 does not appear to be much (if any) better than the LX100 for general IQ parameters (sharpness, etc...).

Yet the 12-32 is as big as the lens on the LX100. Of course it is a very small lens, but why is it so slow? Why no room for a focus ring? I would think that they could make this lens a 2.0, or at worst a 2.8!

Then take a look at the the 12-35 f/2.8. Admittedly, this is a phenomenal lens in terms of IQ, certainly better than the lens on the LX100...but it is a bit slower than the LX100 lens, has a shorter focal length at the long end, and is GIGANTIC.

91bb44f42ef84b65bb46bc1102e4bcd9.jpg.png

I would absolutely love to get into a "real" m4/3 system, but it seems that my only option for fast glass is either large zooms (I don't even mind the price), or primes. I enjoy shooting primes; I have four L primes for my Canon, but this once again detracts from the notion of a compact, portable, system if I have to schlep around 3 or 4 primes.
 
Part of the reason is that an interchangeable lens camera is at a disadvantage simply because the lens mount keeps the lens further away from the sensor especially if the lens is designed to intrude into the lens mount only minimally.

It would be easier to explain with a single lens rather than these multi-component camera lenses. As a simple model for explanation, a single 12 mm lens needs to be 12 mm from the sensor. To position it further away from the sensor and still get an image in focus requires additional lens elements, which drives up the size. Now think about needing to zoom and needing to focus on a range of distances.

The fixed-lens camera will be built with the lens getting much closer to the sensor.
 
Part of the reason is that an interchangeable lens camera is at a disadvantage simply because the lens mount keeps the lens further away from the sensor especially if the lens is designed to intrude into the lens mount only minimally.

It would be easier to explain with a single lens rather than these multi-component camera lenses. As a simple model for explanation, a single 12 mm lens needs to be 12 mm from the sensor. To position it further away from the sensor and still get an image in focus requires additional lens elements, which drives up the size. Now think about needing to zoom and needing to focus on a range of distances.

The fixed-lens camera will be built with the lens getting much closer to the sensor.

--
Mark
HI Mark,

I appreciate your answer, but I'm not 100% sure it makes sense to me.

Why can't interchangeable lenses also protrude into the camera body? In fact, on my 6d, they do protrude in quite some distance. I'm guessing this is also true (or at least possible) for m4/3 lenses. Even given this issue, it would only explain up to a cm or so of lens length.

The other part of the explanation - the flange thickness - only accounts for a few millimeters.

But look at that 12-35 f/2.8 - it's 3x as long as the LX100 lens, and quite a bit wider as well. I know this lens isn't a perfect comparison, d/t the exceptional optics, but the small slow zooms are also unexplained by some small intrusion or flange distance. Maybe that would explain the size of the 14-42 - but then why is it 2ish stops slower?
 
Last edited:
For better see-sight
 
Why can't interchangeable lenses also protrude into the camera body?
I'm not saying they can't just that they usually don't.
Even given this issue, it would only explain up to a cm or so of lens length.
1 cm is 10 mm of focal length. That 10 mm may require lens elements taking up 20 mm of space just so that the image focuses on the sensor and not 10 mm in front of it.
The other part of the explanation - the flange thickness - only accounts for a few millimeters.
It's not so much the flange, but the whole design of the lens keeping the last element some distance away from the sensor.
But look at that 12-35 f/2.8 - it's 3x as long as the LX100 lens, and quite a bit wider as well.
I suspect the width required for the lens speed, it what makes it extra difficult to design the lens so that it goes deeper into the lens mount.
 
I posted this over on the panasonic compact forum, but I think perhaps folks here would have a better answer.

I own the LX100, as a supplement to my Canon 6d, for times when that system is either unnecessary or inappropriate. Examples of such times include nice dinners at restaurants, trips that are mostly business, casual walks, biking, xc skiing, etc...I use the LX100 a lot - maybe one third of all my photos lately.

For times like these, I want a relatively compact camera -- though I have no need to stick the thing in a pocket -- that can take very high quality images. This set of needs is what led me to the LX100.

I have been super happy with the LX100; but obviously every camera can be better. Features like a touch screen, tilt screen, 20MP sensor, no AA filter, etc...

This inspired me to start looking at a "real" m4/3 system. I immediately fell in love with many of the cameras, their functionality, their size, ... However, it became immediately apparent that to get decently fast zoom lenses, you lose much of the portability that the m4/3 system is supposed to offer.

Yes, it's still smaller than FF, but it's far too large to be unobtrusive and portable.

What I really don't understand is why an f/2.8 normal zoom (say, 24-70ish) for a regular m4/3 body is so big, yet the same (even faster, longer) lens on the LX100 is so small.

Why is it like this? What specific design elements make a fixed lens able to be so much smaller than an interchangeable lens? Is this really a design issue, or is this some sort of business and marketing decision?

As an example, you need look no further than the kit lens that comes with the GX85 (that I am considering buying, d/t the lack of an LX100 successor). It is a 12-32 - so less range at the long end than the LX100 lens, and is f/3.5-5.6 - so a LOT LOT slower at all focal lengths. It lacks a manual focus ring (which rules it out for me), an aperture ring, and the multi aspect ratio adjuster. It is impossible to find specs that can directly compare the two, but the 12-32 does not appear to be much (if any) better than the LX100 for general IQ parameters (sharpness, etc...).

Yet the 12-32 is as big as the lens on the LX100. Of course it is a very small lens, but why is it so slow? Why no room for a focus ring? I would think that they could make this lens a 2.0, or at worst a 2.8!

Then take a look at the the 12-35 f/2.8. Admittedly, this is a phenomenal lens in terms of IQ, certainly better than the lens on the LX100...but it is a bit slower than the LX100 lens, has a shorter focal length at the long end, and is GIGANTIC.

91bb44f42ef84b65bb46bc1102e4bcd9.jpg.png

I would absolutely love to get into a "real" m4/3 system, but it seems that my only option for fast glass is either large zooms (I don't even mind the price), or primes. I enjoy shooting primes; I have four L primes for my Canon, but this once again detracts from the notion of a compact, portable, system if I have to schlep around 3 or 4 primes.
A fixed lens can be trimmed back in every way to fit one body. If you look at just the glass in a fast fixed zoom it is quite large in proportion to the minimal plastic mechanical housing that is itself part of the design. A removable lens is part of a universal mount designed to work with a full range of speed and focal length designs some of which need the large diameter of the mount so this space will be surplus to some designs. Plus as mentioned the glass can be positioned at the optimal point from the image plane which can make a big difference in design. Also a telescoping plastic barrel for a fast interchangable zoom would not go down well in the interchangable market especially if it had no focusing ring but depended on a wheel on the camera to drive focus and no zoom ring but fly by wire zoom control.

A slightly smaller sensor in the high quality compacts also allows a surprisingly greater freedom to designers to make lenses more compact and the tolerances for expectations of vignetting, distortion, resolution etc are lower than from the interchangable market and this allows even more compromises in design and resultant smaller size.

--
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Make the best you can of every day
 
I think you will find that the optics of the lx are nowhere near the 12-35, not even close. Check the MTF curves if available. Also the small front element on compact camera zoom means it is a reverse / pancake design which means optical sacrifices.
 
Worth remembering that the LX100 isn't covering the full m43 sensor, only a center crop. This was one of the key decisions that allowed them to build such a small lens, in addition to the reasons outlined by others.

I'd love smaller and faster lenses as well, but I think it's going to take some kind of breakthrough, and until we get that breakthrough we're more or less stuck where we are.
 
glassoholic wrote

A fixed lens can be trimmed back in every way to fit one body. If you look at just the glass in a fast fixed zoom it is quite large in proportion to the minimal plastic mechanical housing that is itself part of the design. A removable lens is part of a universal mountdesigned to work with a full range of speed and focal length designs some of which need the large diameterof the mount so this space will be surplus to some designs.
interesting notion, but I can't see it as a main contributing factor
Plus as mentioned the glass can be positioned at the optimal point from the image plane which can make a big difference in design.
also probably only a few mm effect
Also a telescoping plastic barrel for a fast interchangable zoom would not go down well in the interchangable market especially
this is a brilliant observation... and I bet it is 90% of the reason. they wouldn't be able to charge a fast zoom premium for what we glass snobs (I'm one of them) view as a cheapo/consumer design
if it had no focusing ring but depended on a wheel on the camera to drive focus and no zoom ring but fly by wire zoom control.
agree 100%...which is why the 12-32 is no good for me. I have read that even electronically, it is essentially not manually focusable
A slightly smaller sensor in the high quality compacts also allows a surprisingly greater freedom to designers to make lenses more compact and the tolerances for expectations of vignetting, distortion, resolution etc are lower than from the interchangable market and this allows even more compromises in design and resultant smaller size.
so maybe another factor is that the lx100 doesn't even use the full 4/3 sensor
 
In addition to the other explanations: The LX100 uses a 4/3 sensor, but only the middle part of it. (It crops the edges.) That allows the lenses to be smaller ...
 
I think you will find that the optics of the lx are nowhere near the 12-35, not even close. Check the MTF curves if available. Also the small front element on compact camera zoom means it is a reverse / pancake design which means optical sacrifices.
 
Yes, the reasons are:
  • LX100 uses a slightly smaller sensor
  • LX10 lens elements can get much closer to the sensor if needed
  • LX100 Lens can collapse - show an image with the LX100 turned on
  • LX100 lens is not as good (IMHO) as the 12-35/2.8
J
 
In addition to what other people mentioned:
  • The LX100 lens doesn't perform as well as the other lenses (I know because I had one and at its widest setting the edges were not very good at all).
  • The LX100 uses a leaf shutter in the lens which means there's no shutter in front of the sensor which means the lens can retract farther into the body.
 
In addition to what other people mentioned:
  • The LX100 lens doesn't perform as well as the other lenses (I know because I had one and at its widest setting the edges were not very good at all).
I think it is OK stopped down to where the slow m4/3 zooms start (3.5-5.6)... but I agree about wide open
  • The LX100 uses a leaf shutter in the lens which means there's no shutter in front of the sensor which means the lens can retract farther into the body.
wow. I didn't know that. that makes a lot of sense.
 

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