Walter de la Internet
Senior Member

Ferns first appeared in the fossil record 360 million years ago, but exploded in reach and number about 145 million years ago. There are now 12,000 known species, of which over 10,000 are living. They reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers, and differ from mosses by being vascular (i.e. having water-conducting vessels).
This fern is one I encountered in the Doi Suthep National Park, just outside Chiang Mai, in northern Thailand. Its wing-like structure is no doubt optimized for reproduction by spreading its spores in the wind. The curve of the head of the stem resembles the head of a bird.
In the northern Southeast Asian region through to the Himalayan foothills, the immature fronds of various types of ferns are often fried and eaten. Trees are often considered sacred and used in rituals honoring pre-Buddhist gods from animist belief systems, and the earliest historical discoveries in the region featured heavily birds atop these ancient votive artifacts. The regional connection between humans, birds, flight and trees is therefore culturally and religiously charged as well as ancient.
For some images of early votive tree artifacts I took a few years ago, check out this gallery from Sichuan province, China showing pieces unearthed from the Shu culture, a pre-Chinese culture of Sichuan with sophisticated bronzeworking technology unmatched in history that flourished between 2050-1250 BCE in what was then a lush basin of tropical jungles ringed with wild mountains. These early examples of tree worship or ritual use are the earliest I have found in the region (I am currently writing a history of the region centered on Yunnan Province, which borders Sichuan, Tibet, Burma, Laos and Vietnam).
(Alternate title: Mossverse VII: S*** Just Got Vascular)
Last edited: