MoreorLess wrote:.
I don't see any claim that the pixels and airy disks have to "line up" just that a larger airy disk will obviously be more likely to have more overlap thus more negative effect.
Thinking things are 'obvious' when they aren't is a trap of thinking that very often causes these kind of problems. Calling diffraction a 'negative' effect also displays a predisposition to think of it a certain way - it is just an effect, and what is needed is to understand its effect. So, the implicit flaw of thinking in the McHugh view that you seem to subscribe to, is that we have a 'you see it or you don't' phenomenon. That is, if an Airy disc is smaller than a pixel, you can't see it - so somehow, if the pixel is smaller, you're going to see more of these Airy discs. It ain't like that at all. As well as the discs not being lined up, the pixels aren't just on-off, so if we wanted to consider it in terms of Airy discs, we'd have to consider how an Airy disc at every alignment was captured and not just can we see it or can we not. Then we'd have to do a whole load of maths to combine the effect of all those airy discs in all those different positions and see what happens. The way this ends up is that you take the point spread function for the diffraction (a section through the disc) and then the point spread function for the sensor (a box function representing a pixel and also the AA filter function) and convolve them - and you end up with a combined PSF. Anyway, what you find out is that diffraction is not an on-off phenomenon - there is no definable 'limit' in the sense it gets used.
Of course you could claim that diffraction will really be effected every optical system no matter the aperture, but common useage in photography seems more to refer to a certain level of effect.
I disagree. People talk very loosely about diffraction 'kicking in', but no-one seems to define any 'certain level'