I don't think anyone can say for sure why we "still" have 4x3 CCDs but I can tell you how the 4:3 aspect ratio came to be.
Long before we had digital cameras, we had video. And before it became digital, "ESP" (Electronic Still Photography) was an offshoot from the video camera industry, it made sense that the exact same shape sensors were used for both.
So why was 4:3 picked for TV originally? Because it was mimicking the shape movies were first shot in, almost exclusively, for their first 35 years.
So why was 4:3 picked for movie film originally? Because when the inventor Thomas Edison's assistant, William L.K. Dickson, asked Edison how he wanted to cut down the 70mm celluloid-based film stock that George Eastman had supplied, he responded, "About like this." as he held up his thumb and index finger at a right angle like a sideways letter "L". Conveniently, this also meant slicing the 70mm stock reel exactly in half, which I believe is also the answer to why do SLRs use 35mm film!