A Marcus

We learn from infancy to judge the size and distances to objects. We see with an eye/brain that combines our binocular vison and object size differential to make these judgments. We are talking ...

Over the years, I have seen several in-camera masks. The Rollie 127, when loaded with slide film, produced a “super slide” that when mounted in a cardboard frame yielded a 36mm x 36mm image that ...

In most applications, the number of pixels recorded by the camera is far greater than can be displayed by a computer screen or TV. This is also true if the image is displayed as a paper print. ...

While the optical flatness of window glass is likely poor, that is not the real reason for your disappointment. The glass window has two surfaces, both reflect light. This reflectivity induces ...

Actually, if the subject is in motion, the direction of travel is the key factor. Slower shutter setting if the subject is moving away or towards the camera. If the subject is moving at a right ...

Yes, the rule of thumb is 1/focal length. However, back in the days when film was all we had, we practiced and practiced slow shutter release techniques. (1) Press steady and slowly. The actual trip ...

A large digital imaging chip affords the opportunity to make the photosites larger as compared to a petite imaging chip. During the exposure, these photosites receive light energy in the form of ...

The f-number setting of the lens solves this issue. Any lens set to the same f-number delivers the same light energy as any other lens set to this same f-number. This is a fundamental concept. ...

The most basic definition of exposure is: E=IT Exposure = Intensity of image multiplied by the time light is allowed to play on film or digital sensor. The focal ratio (f-number) takes into account ...

I think this is rather a simple question. The inquirer is asking a basic question that revolves around how we measure the light-gathering ability difference,  one lens to another. The simple ...

As to Exposure equivalency, you are not the first to ask this question. You see, cameras come in numerous sizes ranging from the giant astronomer camera / telescope to spy camera concealed in a ...

Residual sensitizing dye is common when the wash is abbreviated.  Most often it is uniform pink and is harmless unless streaky. Re-fixing and re-washing will cure unless the film was harmed during ...

Test fixer with small piece of film in room light. Fix time is twice the time it takes for the film to clear. You can re-fix in room light. If first try fails, you can always replace fixer and ...

This is under fixing. In the light, return the film to a fresh fix bath. You can test the fix using a cutting of the tongue 35mm film protruding from the cassette, Swish the test film in the fixer ...

Modern films, both black and white and color, have multiple coats. The underside of the film sports an anti-halation coat and a balance coat. These consist of gelatin with different coefficients ...

Many people mount a UV filter to protect their precious camera lens from scratches and abrasions. This is comparable to buying an accident insurance policy. To mount or not to mount a UV filter is ...

Having checked numerous textbooks I used when a student of optics, I am obligated to revise my back focus definition. The corrected definition is – distance from the last glass surface to the ...

The focal length as engraved on the lens barrel is a measurement made when the lens is imaging an object at infinity. All other subject distances will come to a focus at some elongated distance, ...

The focal length of a lens is that distance from a point called the rear nodal to the focused image plane, when the camera is imaging an object at infinity. For purposes of focal length ...

The Hyperfocal Distance is an algebraic calculation that takes into account the focal length of the lens, aperture diameter, subject distances, displayed image brightness, displayed image ...