jogging

From systematic view of point, one image system consists of one CMOS sensor, chips that convert raw data from the sensor to jpg images and the software. Auto exposure(AE) is reponsible for figuring ...

For mobile imaging such as cameras in mobile phone, the pixel is rather smaller compared with its counterpart in DSLR. Such high gain is very common for photographs shot at night.

For image CMOS sensors in mobile phones the maximum of analog gain is 18x. For example IMX586 from Sony is 16x in full pixel mode https://docplayer.net/230613285-Imx586-aajh5-c-diagonal-mm-type-1-2 ...

Analog gain refers to the gain of the programmable gain amplifier(PGA). the "gain" is 7.14µV/electron such gain is usually called conversion gain in papers I read. For example, total gain required ...

From the book High Performance Silicon Imaging , it reads With a source-follower gain of less than 1, it can be appreciated that the effect of later stages can be reduced by using a high-gain ...

On the contrary, analog gain increases both the signal and noise, so it is not a preferred way. It is necessary to use gain in low light condition. Analog gain is applied  at first and digital ...

Each image CMOS sensor has a maximum analog gain and a digital gain will be applied if a required gain surpasses maximum analog gain. What factors in CMOS sensor design and manufacturing limit ...

From replies, I learn that the read noise is the dominant noise source in low light condition and affects image quality significantly. Photon shot noise is much higher compared to read noise under ...

I understand all things you mentioned except the statement that the frame of reference for middle grey exposure falls in the DNs of each ISO setting. What does it mean ant why does it matter?

How about the noise generated by column amplifiers? Is such noise significant or negligible in read noise?

I learn that conversion noise is much larger than read noise in the pixel for the first time. Thanks for the information. Conversion noise is the sum of read noise at column level and quantization ...

From the above figure, FWC is 5Ke-, so 4e- corresponds to 1DN at ISO50. At ISO800, 0.25e- corresponds to 1DN. So in the dark portion of the photo under low light condition, very few electrons are ...

I learn that read noise is important under dark conditions from this forum and books. The photo taken at night looks much noisier. However the value of read noise seems is rather small to me. From ...