ISOless model of digital photography--thoughts?

It's an interesting point about interpretation, though. If someone talked just about the 'efficiency' of a sensor, with no qualifying adjective, what would you think they were talking about?
Are you talking about QE or AnderssubEs?
I'm wondering how people would interpret it.
I'm guilty of using the term "sensor efficiency" in a technically incorrect fashion.
Yes, I know, we've talked of it at length. When you first showed me the draft where you introduced the term, I said I didn't like the way you used it.
The way I use the term, I mean the same QE and the same read noise per proportion of a photo. As sensors of the same generation tend to have nearly the same QE (remarkably consistent, actually), the main differentiator with respect to "sensor efficiency" then is the read noise per proportion of the photo (I like to use the µphoto -- millionth of a photo -- as the proportion, although any proportion would be fine).
The point about your 'efficiency' is that you actually do define it (well you define what you mean by equally efficient', which is the way you always use it). So, though the use of words is one that I don't think is great, you say what it is that you mean and distinguish between different efficiencies. If such a per area term is needed (and maybe it is) I'm leaning towards a 'specific' something. Or maybe two things, because I think part of the problem is trying to lump QE and read noise as a single metric, when they do different things under different circumstances to the final quality of the image.

Maybe 'specific quality' is getting there - still don't know what the precise definition would be, though.
As you know, I'm quite the fan of well-defined and accurate terminology, so I understand your reservations. That said, I'm also a fan of non-technically inclined friendly terminology that is intuitive an unambiguous, although maybe using a single term to lump QE and read noise together is ultimately a fruitless task, not unlike trying to lump breast size and shape together would be equally problematic. Maybe I shouldn't have used the word "lump" in conjunction with "breasts" -- language is so very difficult. ;-)
But maybe that's a discussion to have under Anders' thread. He needs a hand, even if he's too pig-headed to ask.
I only briefly glanced through the thread, but it is too far gone. Might be good for a thread here in this forum, maybe even this thread.
That thread is now in this forum:

http://www.dpreview.com/forums/thread/3734392

It's dried up a little, since I decided to take my ball home. But, if the conversation goes, somewhere, like what would be the metric that Anders is groping for as 'efficiency', I might bring the ball back again. Sometimes it's good to hijack a thread, if it's not going anywhere good.

--
Bob
'Technology' is a name that we have for stuff that doesn't work yet.
Douglas Adams.
 
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I'm actually working on something called TDCI (Time Domain Continuous Imaging) which is truly ISOless, capturing waveforms for each pixel's Ev over time rather than a sequence of frames, and got involved with the ISOless exposure concepts as a crude approximation to collecting TDCI data.
So if I understand correctly your idea is a kind of " time resolved measurement" which then uses some kind FFT method and statistics to let your measurement converge to a certain accuracy/"correctness" of measurement (ultimately?)?
How does this approach deal with fast shutter speeds or very low light conditions?
The way I see it at the moment is that your model approaches the processing of the light to a signal from a different angle?
No, TDCI is simpler but computationally scarier. Ideally, it's a processor per pixel, each independently and asynchronously timing how long it takes to accumulate the charge threshold sufficient to get an accurate reading (large enough to overcome photon shot noise) with a timing accuracy of about 1us. My goal is a 500MP large-format *4x5) sensor generating at least 16Ev HDR streams at over 1000FPS equivalent continuous rate (1TB/s if done as conventional raw, but it will be lossless compressed in the time domain)....

Here are the slides from my paper on TDCI at SPIE Electronic Imaging 2014.
 
Thanks for explaining and the link, will have a look at it next morning :)
 
...my hypothesis being that we really don't need ISO the way it's presented to us by camera manufacturers.

...I'd like to get the feedback of this forum, to see if I'm completely off base with any of my arguments.

http://www.klarno.com/datadump/isoless.pdf
To be blunt/direct - I do actually think that some, if not quite a bit, of your argument is somewhat "off base" ...

For example: In your paper, you say "The primary purpose of ISO in digital cameras is not to maximise signal-to-noise-ratio..." but this is, in at least one aspect, completely wrong.

The primary purpose of analogue ISO signal amplification is actually all about maximising SNR and DR, by minimising read-noise - minimising image noise in the darkest tones/lowest signal levels as ISO increases (as exposure/signal decreases).

You do actually appear to refer to something like this in a later page "...ISO 1600 is a little less noisy than ISO 100 pushed 4 stops" - thus contradicting your earlier statement (that I quoted above).

Multi-million/billion dollar companies simply don't invest 'millions' in R&D, and manufacturing, re their implementation of variable gain analogue ISO amplifiers without having a pretty sound basis and justification for their doing so.

As for ISO in relation to 'ETTR' - ETTR, as people use it, essentially manifests itself/effects an alteration of the amount of DR (dynamic range) either side of the mean exposure level (perhaps 18%) - as opposed to having a fixed DR above/below mid-grey - but at the complication of requring a later correction of the mean image brightness level.

To a limited extent many cameras implement a similar/related function/manipulation, albeit with coarse steps and generally only in the 'ETTL' direction, i.e. when extending highlight DR/headroom.

Perhaps what ETTR enthusiasts really want, is a variable '+/- DR' control setting - similar to +/- EV, but different in not changing the mean/grey exposure level in the processed image - a finer stepped, and bi-directional, kind of DR.

Re 'REI' versus 'SOS' derivations of ISO - I don't see that RAW capability has any bearing on the choice at all. The choice is primarily determined by the fact that 'SOS' is based upon metering off a single 18% grey level, whereas 'multi-zone/pattern' metering (by definition) will not necessarily measure an 18% average at all (although might do, by coincidence). The ISO method/choice in RAW output mode is still dependent on the metering mode, just the same as it is for JPEG output.

Re any 'UniWB' - I don't really see your argument for this - overall exposure (either shutter, aperture or ISO) needs to be adjusted according to the particular product of 'colour channel sensitivities x colour channel input signals' dependent on the colour temperature of the illuminant - there is no single optimimal 'one UniWB/native WB fits all' - the camera should adjust exposure optimally itself per different WB (presuming the WB is set/detected optimally). The only reason I see for using some fixed 'UniWB' might be where the ideal colour temperature/WB might not easily be determined at time of shooting, in which circumstances it might be 'safer' to just expose and record RAW at a 'mid-range' colour temperature value, thereby leaving roughly equal leeway to adjust the WB in either direction, post-processing the RAW data, with least risk of inadvertent clipping, but this isn't 'optimal exposure' at all.

[Note: I edited my intial response re WB effecting exposure value - because I can now see that changing WB setting certainly can/does alter metering and exposure.]

More broadly - I would criticise your paper as only providing a rather loose general background 'around' the issue(s) - and it really doesn't provide any solid justification/worked evidence for the case you are trying to make.

I hope you will take my criticism/feedback in good humour with an open mind
 
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...my hypothesis being that we really don't need ISO the way it's presented to us by camera manufacturers.

...I'd like to get the feedback of this forum, to see if I'm completely off base with any of my arguments.

http://www.klarno.com/datadump/isoless.pdf
To be blunt/direct - I do actually think that some, if not quite a bit, of your argument is somewhat "off base" ...

For example: In your paper, you say "The primary purpose of ISO in digital cameras is not to maximise signal-to-noise-ratio..." but this is, in at least one aspect, completely wrong.

The primary purpose of analogue ISO signal amplification is actually all about maximising SNR and DR, by minimising read-noise - minimising image noise in the darkest tones/lowest signal levels as ISO increases (as exposure/signal decreases).
See Human Target's response above. It's spot-on.
You do actually appear to refer to something like this in a later page "...ISO 1600 is a little less noisy than ISO 100 pushed 4 stops" - thus contradicting your earlier statement (that I quoted above).

Multi-million/billion dollar companies simply don't invest 'millions' in R&D, and manufacturing, re their implementation of variable gain analogue ISO amplifiers without having a pretty sound basis and justification for their doing so.
You can leave it there. The investment in variable gain amplifiers is tiny. In most cases it's simply a minor feature of the output amplifiers on the sensor chip. In earlier times, it was a standard feature of the off-the-shelf analog front ends that they bought. The true reason that they use variable gain is that it allows them to spend less money on the A to D converters.
As for ISO in relation to 'ETTR' - ETTR, as people use it, essentially manifests itself/effects an alteration of the amount of DR (dynamic range) either side of the mean exposure level (perhaps 18%) - as opposed to having a fixed DR above/below mid-grey - but at the complication of requring a later correction of the mean image brightness level.

To a limited extent many cameras implement a similar/related function/manipulation, albeit with coarse steps and generally only in the 'ETTL' direction, i.e. when extending highlight DR/headroom.

Perhaps what ETTR enthusiasts really want, is a variable '+/- DR' control setting - similar to +/- EV, but different in not changing the mean/grey exposure level in the processed image - a finer stepped, and bi-directional, kind of DR.

Re 'REI' versus 'SOS' derivations of ISO - I don't see that RAW capability has any bearing on the choice at all. The choice is primarily determined by the fact that 'SOS' is based upon metering off a single 18% grey level, whereas 'multi-zone/pattern' metering (by definition) will not necessarily measure an 18% average at all (although might do, by coincidence). The ISO method/choice in RAW output mode is still dependent on the metering mode, just the same as it is for JPEG output.
The reason REI was adopted is that the purpose of multi pattern metering is precisely to produce a different result than you'd get from simple metering calibrated for 18% grey, and it's impossible to qualify what the different effect should be, so in the end ISO gave up and said 'do whatever you think is best'. The outcome of it is, that 'ISO' really means nothing at all, except an expression of what a manufacturer thinks should be the output brightness for a given exposure.
 
...my hypothesis being that we really don't need ISO the way it's presented to us by camera manufacturers.

...I'd like to get the feedback of this forum, to see if I'm completely off base with any of my arguments.

http://www.klarno.com/datadump/isoless.pdf
To be blunt/direct - I do actually think that some, if not quite a bit, of your argument is somewhat "off base" ...

For example: In your paper, you say "The primary purpose of ISO in digital cameras is not to maximise signal-to-noise-ratio..." but this is, in at least one aspect, completely wrong.

The primary purpose of analogue ISO signal amplification is actually all about maximising SNR and DR, by minimising read-noise - minimising image noise in the darkest tones/lowest signal levels as ISO increases (as exposure/signal decreases).

You do actually appear to refer to something like this in a later page "...ISO 1600 is a little less noisy than ISO 100 pushed 4 stops" - thus contradicting your earlier statement (that I quoted above).

Multi-million/billion dollar companies simply don't invest 'millions' in R&D, and manufacturing, re their implementation of variable gain analogue ISO amplifiers without having a pretty sound basis and justification for their doing so.

As for ISO in relation to 'ETTR' - ETTR, as people use it, essentially manifests itself/effects an alteration of the amount of DR (dynamic range) either side of the mean exposure level (perhaps 18%) - as opposed to having a fixed DR above/below mid-grey - but at the complication of requring a later correction of the mean image brightness level.

To a limited extent many cameras implement a similar/related function/manipulation, albeit with coarse steps and generally only in the 'ETTL' direction, i.e. when extending highlight DR/headroom.

Perhaps what ETTR enthusiasts really want, is a variable '+/- DR' control setting - similar to +/- EV, but different in not changing the mean/grey exposure level in the processed image - a finer stepped, and bi-directional, kind of DR.

Re 'REI' versus 'SOS' derivations of ISO - I don't see that RAW capability has any bearing on the choice at all. The choice is primarily determined by the fact that 'SOS' is based upon metering off a single 18% grey level, whereas 'multi-zone/pattern' metering (by definition) will not necessarily measure an 18% average at all (although might do, by coincidence). The ISO method/choice in RAW output mode is still dependent on the metering mode, just the same as it is for JPEG output.
These excerpts are from the Wikipedia page for Film Speed (and apparently extracted verbatim from ISO 12232:2006):

The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space. This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering (also called pattern metering) is used.

The Standard Output Specification (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when exposed per the EI with no exposure compensation. Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera, it is only applicable to sRGB images—typically JPEG—and not to output files in raw image format. It is not applicable when multi-zone metering is used.

Unless anyone has ever seen metered EV values change between RAW and JPEG, or between sRGB and Adobe RGB, I think it's a reasonable deduction to say that SOS is not applicable on cameras that can shoot RAW and/or Adobe RGB. Also, light meters aren't calibrated to 18% gray reflectance per ISO standards, every meter manufacturer including camera manufacturers have been using an ANSI standard luminance measurement that converts into 12% gray reflectance for decades (which gives a difference of half a stop from 18% gray, more than is allowed under ISO's SOS system).
Re any 'UniWB' - I don't really see your argument for this - overall exposure (either shutter, aperture or ISO) needs to be adjusted according to the particular product of 'colour channel sensitivities x colour channel input signals' dependent on the colour temperature of the illuminant - there is no single optimimal 'one UniWB/native WB fits all' - the camera should adjust exposure optimally itself per different WB (presuming the WB is set/detected optimally). The only reason I see for using some fixed 'UniWB' might be where the ideal colour temperature/WB might not easily be determined at time of shooting, in which circumstances it might be 'safer' to just expose and record RAW at a 'mid-range' colour temperature value, thereby leaving roughly equal leeway to adjust the WB in either direction, post-processing the RAW data, with least risk of inadvertent clipping, but this isn't 'optimal exposure' at all.

[Note: I edited my intial response re WB effecting exposure value - because I can now see that changing WB setting certainly can/does alter metering and exposure.]

More broadly - I would criticise your paper as only providing a rather loose general background 'around' the issue(s) - and it really doesn't provide any solid justification/worked evidence for the case you are trying to make.
My goal is to have something layman-accessible--it seems that those of us technically well-versed in the issues are pretty much already know what's going on.
I hope you will take my criticism/feedback in good humour with an open mind
I do appreciate your feedback; it gives me some insight on where I need to refine the paper.
 
...that we need manufacturers to give us an ETTR AUTO mode.
 
...that we need manufacturers to give us an ETTR AUTO mode.
Erhm, I've already mentioned that Nikon has recently introduced a highlights-weighted meter but there doesn't seem to be much interest in it, not even to check out whether it does act as auto-ETTR or not

 
...my hypothesis being that we really don't need ISO the way it's presented to us by camera manufacturers.

...I'd like to get the feedback of this forum, to see if I'm completely off base with any of my arguments.

http://www.klarno.com/datadump/isoless.pdf
To be blunt/direct - I do actually think that some, if not quite a bit, of your argument is somewhat "off base" ...

For example: In your paper, you say "The primary purpose of ISO in digital cameras is not to maximise signal-to-noise-ratio..." but this is, in at least one aspect, completely wrong.

The primary purpose of analogue ISO signal amplification is actually all about maximising SNR and DR, by minimising read-noise - minimising image noise in the darkest tones/lowest signal levels as ISO increases (as exposure/signal decreases).
See Human Target's response above. It's spot-on.
No it's not at all.
You do actually appear to refer to something like this in a later page "...ISO 1600 is a little less noisy than ISO 100 pushed 4 stops" - thus contradicting your earlier statement (that I quoted above).

Multi-million/billion dollar companies simply don't invest 'millions' in R&D, and manufacturing, re their implementation of variable gain analogue ISO amplifiers without having a pretty sound basis and justification for their doing so.
You can leave it there. The investment in variable gain amplifiers is tiny. In most cases it's simply a minor feature of the output amplifiers on the sensor chip. In earlier times, it was a standard feature of the off-the-shelf analog front ends that they bought.
Perhaps 'millions' is something of an exaggeration, at least regarding the singular specific feature we are referring to.

I am viewing this in a much wider sense - and people should not underestimate the development costs of digital camera technologies, i.e. new sensors/chips design etc, which undoubtedly can reach into 'millions'.

The true reason that they use variable gain is that it allows them to spend less money on the A to D converters.
No, that is wrong.

Presumably you are suggesting that higher bit-depth A/D converters are a substitute for variable gain signal amplifiers (?) - but unfortunately that doesn't necessarily work out.

There is actually no practical reason or justification for ever having significantly higher A/D resolutions than the system's base ISO read-noise levels.

There is however, real justification for analogue amplifying of the signal at higher ISOs.

Example: Read-noise at base sensitivity can be described by formula...

RN = Gain x A + B

Increasing ISO by analogue amplification results in the 'B' component remaining just 'B' at all ISOs...

E.g. If the gain at ISO-3200 was say 32x then RN = 32A + B

However, increasing ISO by means of digital multiplication of base ISO, results in the 'B' component being increased along with the 'A' component...

E.g. If the multiplier at ISO-3200 was 32X then RN = 32A + 32B

Plumb in some example representative figures of say A=1.25 and B=0.6 ...

Analogue ISO implementation: RN = 40.6

Digital ISO/ISOless implementation: RN = 59.2

...a quite substantial difference in read-noise.
As for ISO in relation to 'ETTR' - ETTR, as people use it, essentially manifests itself/effects an alteration of the amount of DR (dynamic range) either side of the mean exposure level (perhaps 18%) - as opposed to having a fixed DR above/below mid-grey - but at the complication of requring a later correction of the mean image brightness level.

To a limited extent many cameras implement a similar/related function/manipulation, albeit with coarse steps and generally only in the 'ETTL' direction, i.e. when extending highlight DR/headroom.

Perhaps what ETTR enthusiasts really want, is a variable '+/- DR' control setting - similar to +/- EV, but different in not changing the mean/grey exposure level in the processed image - a finer stepped, and bi-directional, kind of DR.

Re 'REI' versus 'SOS' derivations of ISO - I don't see that RAW capability has any bearing on the choice at all. The choice is primarily determined by the fact that 'SOS' is based upon metering off a single 18% grey level, whereas 'multi-zone/pattern' metering (by definition) will not necessarily measure an 18% average at all (although might do, by coincidence). The ISO method/choice in RAW output mode is still dependent on the metering mode, just the same as it is for JPEG output.
The reason REI was adopted is that the purpose of multi pattern metering is precisely to produce a different result than you'd get from simple metering calibrated for 18% grey, and it's impossible to qualify what the different effect should be, so in the end ISO gave up and said 'do whatever you think is best'. The outcome of it is, that 'ISO' really means nothing at all, except an expression of what a manufacturer thinks should be the output brightness for a given exposure.
That's pretty much what I just said - but, remember that 'pattern/evaluative' metering is not the only metering method a camera has.

Cameras generally have choice of metering modes - and 'centre-weighted' and 'spot' metering modes are very likely to use the 'SOS' ISO standard.

So. ISO certainly does not "mean nothing at all" - that is just gross over-sight.
 
Re 'REI' versus 'SOS' derivations of ISO - I don't see that RAW capability has any bearing on the choice at all. The choice is primarily determined by the fact that 'SOS' is based upon metering off a single 18% grey level, whereas 'multi-zone/pattern' metering (by definition) will not necessarily measure an 18% average at all (although might do, by coincidence). The ISO method/choice in RAW output mode is still dependent on the metering mode, just the same as it is for JPEG output.
These excerpts are from the Wikipedia page for Film Speed (and apparently extracted verbatim from ISO 12232:2006):

The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space. This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering (also called pattern metering) is used.

The Standard Output Specification (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when exposed per the EI with no exposure compensation. Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera, it is only applicable to sRGB images—typically JPEG—and not to output files in raw image format. It is not applicable when multi-zone metering is used.

Unless anyone has ever seen metered EV values change between RAW and JPEG, or between sRGB and Adobe RGB, I think it's a reasonable deduction to say that SOS is not applicable on cameras that can shoot RAW and/or Adobe RGB.
I think that is a completely wrong deduction.

Virtually all digital cameras are design primarily around sRGB JPEG output, regardless of their RAW (or AdobeRGB) capability.

Many digital cameras offer 'center-weighted' and/or 'spot' metering patterns which would very likely be based upon the 'SOS' ISO specification (almost certainly so in the later 'spot' case).

Since the EV exposure does not change when switching RAW output on/off, or sRGB to AbobeRGB - then it is would be logical to conclude that such 'SOS' based ISO specification would still be being used if/where it was allready being used (e.g. in 'centre' or 'spot' metering modes).

So, to claim that (as you do in your PDF paper)...
"For various reasons, on a camera that shoots RAW, the first (REI) method is the only method utilized..."
...is in my view, an assertion that is really without foundation - at the very least misleading/mistaken, and in fact very likely to be plain and simply wrong.
Also, light meters aren't calibrated to 18% gray reflectance per ISO standards, every meter manufacturer including camera manufacturers have been using an ANSI standard luminance measurement that converts into 12% gray reflectance for decades (which gives a difference of half a stop from 18% gray, more than is allowed under ISO's SOS system).
The difference between 18% and 12% (or anything between) is rather 'academic'.

The key 'dispute' is actually whether or not an 'SOS' ISO method is/can be used, as verus your claim that only 'REI' is ever used - which I say is a flawed deduction/mistaken conclusion.
More broadly - I would criticise your paper as only providing a rather loose general background 'around' the issue(s) - and it really doesn't provide any solid justification/worked evidence for the case you are trying to make.
My goal is to have something layman-accessible...
With respect - I really don't think you are succeeding.

Less talk of Einstein, and somewhat dubious descriptions of wave-particle duality, etc.

More/at least some suggestion(s) of practical implementation of what you are actually proposing (which, in itself, really isn't made all that clear).

Moreover, for example, you neglect to consider/mention that in many circumstances 'ETTR' may actually reduce exposure and SNR where the subject etc requires above average/normal highlight DR.
...it seems that those of us technically well-versed in the issues are pretty much already know what's going on.
Judging by some of the responses/reactions I've received in this thread, as I see it, that really does not appear to be the case at all.

Some people clearly did not/do not understand the underlying reason why manufacturers implement 'analogue ISO' (as nearly all do so) in the first place.
I hope you will take my criticism/feedback in good humour with an open mind
I do appreciate your feedback; it gives me some insight on where I need to refine the paper.
 
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I had a glimpse at your paper. I feel you have it all right but don't add anything to the topic.

The real challenge is to envision a better camera ergonomics which exploits isoless sensors and provides a more intuitive and easier to use interface w/o making use of iso. Your paper like anybody else falls short on that aspect.

Esp. as there may soon be "exposure-less" cameras too which cannot be overexposed (i.e., using a digital well capacity to provide almost arbitrarily low iso).

I have a few ideas myself but they aren't mature enough to publish them yet.

--
Falk Lumo
 
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Andrew, I very much like where you're coming from. I do, however, have some qualms, some of which have been made in posts above.

Quantum efficiency (not efficiency) is not the probability sensor will absorb a photon (many are absorbed to no avail), rather it is the probability that a photon striking the sensor will be converted to an electron and registered as a electrical charge.

I think Newton may have beat Einstein to the particle view of light, lest, of course, you don't wish to view him as a physicist. ;-)

Regarding your statement: "Every time you reduce your camera’s ISO by one stop in an effort to have a faster shutter speed, you reduce the total amount of light falling on the sensor, and this increases photon noise by 41% every stop." Reducing ISO does not increase photon noise by 41%. Reducing ISO reduces signal and the attendant shot noise with it. Rather, reducing ISO increases the shot noise by 41% relative to signal.

You have an implication (but implication only) that the green outweighs red and blue in native WB because there are twice the number of green Bayer pixels. Rather, it is because the sensors tend to be more sensitive to green (better QE) than red and blue.

Regarding your statement: "Higher ISO settings can effect change in how the signal is read out at the sensor level; if you know you don’t need the upper registers of a sensor’s dynamic range, and then if the ADC is only tasked on reading out lower voltage levels in each photodiode, and that takes less energy and therefore contributes less to read noise than if the ADC were reading out the entire well capacity." This part of this after the semicolon makes no sense and is not even a sentence.

Regarding your statement: "The impact of this is that ISO 1600 is a little less noisy than ISO 100 pushed 4 stops." This does not hold for ISO-invariant cameras.

Relative to your last paragraph: I fear that a metering that catered to ETTR would, in scenes with a DR much greater than that of the camera, would produce OOC jpegs that were horribly dark and useless for many people who "just want the camera to do the job." The resulting jpegs would inevitably require PP that many would be unwilling and/or unable to give. It would require raw processing to deal properly with them.



--
gollywop



D8A95C7DB3724EC094214B212FB1F2AF.jpg
 
Regarding your statement: "Every time you reduce your camera’s ISO by one stop in an effort to have a faster shutter speed, you reduce the total amount of light falling on the sensor, and this increases photon noise by 41% every stop." Reducing ISO does not increase photon noise by 41%. Reducing ISO reduces signal and the attendant shot noise with it. Rather, reducing ISO increases the shot noise by 41% relative to signal.
Another way of stating this is that the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) degrades by 41% with each increasing stop of ISO.

That's a -3dB/ISO Stop change. This is only assuming that Shot/Photonic Noise is the predominate noise component in the total noise floor.

Since there are other noise sources, what we're discussing is a Signal-to-Shot-Noise Ratio (SSNR).

For example, the noise floor in equivalent photo-electons of a 60D sensel, assuming that the exposure was sufficient for the sensel to reach FWC, is:

ISO100

Shot Noise: 156 e-

PRNU: 146 e-

Sensor-Ref RN: 13.2 e-

Total Noise: 214 e-

SSNR: 43.9 dB

SNR: 41.1 dB

ISO1600

Shot Noise: 43 e-

PRNU: 11 e-

Sensor-Ref RN: 2.9 e-

Total Noise: 45e-

SSNR: 32.7 dB

SNR: 32.4 dB

https://www.dropbox.com/s/1h67vzosluaxz8x/Noise Components Contribution v4 .xls?dl=0

Dan.
 
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Regarding your statement: "Every time you reduce your camera’s ISO by one stop in an effort to have a faster shutter speed, you reduce the total amount of light falling on the sensor, and this increases photon noise by 41% every stop." Reducing ISO does not increase photon noise by 41%. Reducing ISO reduces signal and the attendant shot noise with it. Rather, reducing ISO increases the shot noise by 41% relative to signal.
Another way of stating this is that the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) degrades by 41% with each increasing stop of ISO.
No - 'dosdan' is/was correct - but you however, are confused/not correct...

The SNR actually decreases by -29%

Signal halves i.e 0.5

Shot/photon noise changes in proportion to sqrt(signal) = sqrt(0.5) = 0.707

SNR = 0.5 / 0.707 = 0.707

...and of course' 0.707' relative to '1' is = -.293 , i.e -29.3%.

The 'N'oise relative to 'S'ignal (i.e. 'NSR', which 'gollywop' refers to) increases by the reciprocal of 'SNR' hence...

'NSR' = 1 / SNR = 1 / 0.707 (same as 'N' / 'S' = 0.707 / 0.5) = 1.41

i.e. 'image' noise (noise relative to normalised signal) increases by +41%.

[Incidentally: Since the OP was careful to specify 'photon noise' only, I don't think it particularly relevant to digress into calculations of total noise (inc' read-noise) etc.]
 
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Regarding your statement: "Every time you reduce your camera’s ISO by one stop in an effort to have a faster shutter speed, you reduce the total amount of light falling on the sensor, and this increases photon noise by 41% every stop." Reducing ISO does not increase photon noise by 41%. Reducing ISO reduces signal and the attendant shot noise with it. Rather, reducing ISO increases the shot noise by 41% relative to signal.
Another way of stating this is that the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) degrades by 41% with each increasing stop of ISO.
No - 'dosdan' is/was correct - but you however, are confused/not correct...
I hope you meant 'gollywop' here, but really, you don't have to put my name in quotes. My mother never did.

Somehow I've been finding this video to be increasingly relevant these days. :-)

Meanwhile, Dan may well have written too quickly, likely being preoccupied more with the specifics of exposition than with the calculation, but I've rarely known him to be confused.

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gollywop

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Regarding your statement: "Every time you reduce your camera’s ISO by one stop in an effort to have a faster shutter speed, you reduce the total amount of light falling on the sensor, and this increases photon noise by 41% every stop." Reducing ISO does not increase photon noise by 41%. Reducing ISO reduces signal and the attendant shot noise with it. Rather, reducing ISO increases the shot noise by 41% relative to signal.
Another way of stating this is that the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) degrades by 41% with each increasing stop of ISO.
No - 'dosdan' is/was correct - but you however, are confused/not correct...
I hope you meant 'gollywop' here,...
Yes, I should/meant to say... "...'gollywop' is/was correct - 'dosdan' is confused/incorrect..."
... but really, you don't have to put my name in quotes. My mother never did.
At the risk of sounding insensitive/politically incorrect - did your mother actually name or call you gollywop?!
Somehow I've been finding this video to be increasingly relevant these days. :-)
I can only side with some of the viewer responses there...

> "I suppose that somewhere, this is considered funny"

>> "No, it's really not"

...these responses are a lot wittier/funnier than the video (which just isn't) - as is usually the case for the 99.999% of garbage and dross that makes up 'youtube'.
Meanwhile, Dan may well have written too quickly, likely being preoccupied more with the specifics of exposition than with the calculation, but I've rarely known him to be confused.
He posted the wrong answer/calculation.

He also had contradicted someone who had actually posted a perfectly valid/correct statement.

When and if 'preoccupied with the specifics of exposition' - it is still generally preferable, ideally, not to subsequently issue forth the wrong/essentially almost '4rse-about-face' answer.

If he wasn't 'confused' then he was plain 'incorrect' - I left both options open.

[...even happens to me sometimes too].
 
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Esp. as there may soon be "exposure-less" cameras too which cannot be overexposed (i.e., using a digital well capacity to provide almost arbitrarily low iso).
The TDCI (Time Domain Continuous Imaging) research I've been doing aims to produce sensors that essentially have that property -- but they don't do it that way. Instead, they do it by allowing each pixel to be sampled at its own rate. See the slides for my SPIE Electronic Imaging 2014 talk: Frameless, time domain continuous image capture.

I became interested in ISOless behavior in part as a crude approximation to TDCI....
 
...my hypothesis being that we really don't need ISO the way it's presented to us by camera manufacturers.

...I'd like to get the feedback of this forum, to see if I'm completely off base with any of my arguments.

http://www.klarno.com/datadump/isoless.pdf
To be blunt/direct - I do actually think that some, if not quite a bit, of your argument is somewhat "off base" ...

For example: In your paper, you say "The primary purpose of ISO in digital cameras is not to maximise signal-to-noise-ratio..." but this is, in at least one aspect, completely wrong.

The primary purpose of analogue ISO signal amplification is actually all about maximising SNR and DR, by minimising read-noise - minimising image noise in the darkest tones/lowest signal levels as ISO increases (as exposure/signal decreases).
See Human Target's response above. It's spot-on.
No it's not at all.
i wouldn't expect you to agree, but it was precisely right.
You do actually appear to refer to something like this in a later page "...ISO 1600 is a little less noisy than ISO 100 pushed 4 stops" - thus contradicting your earlier statement (that I quoted above).

Multi-million/billion dollar companies simply don't invest 'millions' in R&D, and manufacturing, re their implementation of variable gain analogue ISO amplifiers without having a pretty sound basis and justification for their doing so.
You can leave it there. The investment in variable gain amplifiers is tiny. In most cases it's simply a minor feature of the output amplifiers on the sensor chip. In earlier times, it was a standard feature of the off-the-shelf analog front ends that they bought.
Perhaps 'millions' is something of an exaggeration, at least regarding the singular specific feature we are referring to.

I am viewing this in a much wider sense - and people should not underestimate the development costs of digital camera technologies, i.e. new sensors/chips design etc, which undoubtedly can reach into 'millions'.
The 'much wider' sense is irrelevant to the question of the design costs of variable gain amplifiers. Their use is a design choice which comes purely to avoid using better specified, quieter ADCs
The true reason that they use variable gain is that it allows them to spend less money on the A to D converters.
No, that is wrong.
it is right.
Presumably you are suggesting that higher bit-depth A/D converters are a substitute for variable gain signal amplifiers (?) - but unfortunately that doesn't necessarily work out.
not just higher bit depth, but ADC's with a higher effective number of bits. At the bandwidth modern cameras require, getting an ADC with 14 or more ENOB is possible, but expensive.
There is actually no practical reason or justification for ever having significantly higher A/D resolutions than the system's base ISO read-noise levels.
The ADC is the main contributor to base ISO read noise in many cameras.
There is however, real justification for analogue amplifying of the signal at higher ISOs.

Example: Read-noise at base sensitivity can be described by formula...

RN = Gain x A + B

Increasing ISO by analogue amplification results in the 'B' component remaining just 'B' at all ISOs...

E.g. If the gain at ISO-3200 was say 32x then RN = 32A + B

However, increasing ISO by means of digital multiplication of base ISO, results in the 'B' component being increased along with the 'A' component...

E.g. If the multiplier at ISO-3200 was 32X then RN = 32A + 32B

Plumb in some example representative figures of say A=1.25 and B=0.6 ...

Analogue ISO implementation: RN = 40.6

Digital ISO/ISOless implementation: RN = 59.2

...a quite substantial difference in read-noise.
That all depends on what A and B are, doesn't it? Maybe you need to think about that a little longer.
As for ISO in relation to 'ETTR' - ETTR, as people use it, essentially manifests itself/effects an alteration of the amount of DR (dynamic range) either side of the mean exposure level (perhaps 18%) - as opposed to having a fixed DR above/below mid-grey - but at the complication of requring a later correction of the mean image brightness level.

To a limited extent many cameras implement a similar/related function/manipulation, albeit with coarse steps and generally only in the 'ETTL' direction, i.e. when extending highlight DR/headroom.

Perhaps what ETTR enthusiasts really want, is a variable '+/- DR' control setting - similar to +/- EV, but different in not changing the mean/grey exposure level in the processed image - a finer stepped, and bi-directional, kind of DR.

Re 'REI' versus 'SOS' derivations of ISO - I don't see that RAW capability has any bearing on the choice at all. The choice is primarily determined by the fact that 'SOS' is based upon metering off a single 18% grey level, whereas 'multi-zone/pattern' metering (by definition) will not necessarily measure an 18% average at all (although might do, by coincidence). The ISO method/choice in RAW output mode is still dependent on the metering mode, just the same as it is for JPEG output.
The reason REI was adopted is that the purpose of multi pattern metering is precisely to produce a different result than you'd get from simple metering calibrated for 18% grey, and it's impossible to qualify what the different effect should be, so in the end ISO gave up and said 'do whatever you think is best'. The outcome of it is, that 'ISO' really means nothing at all, except an expression of what a manufacturer thinks should be the output brightness for a given exposure.
That's pretty much what I just said - but, remember that 'pattern/evaluative' metering is not the only metering method a camera has.

Cameras generally have choice of metering modes - and 'centre-weighted' and 'spot' metering modes are very likely to use the 'SOS' ISO standard.

So. ISO certainly does not "mean nothing at all" - that is just gross over-sight.
How would ISO change according to which metering mode you used?
 
Regarding your statement: "Every time you reduce your camera’s ISO by one stop in an effort to have a faster shutter speed, you reduce the total amount of light falling on the sensor, and this increases photon noise by 41% every stop." Reducing ISO does not increase photon noise by 41%. Reducing ISO reduces signal and the attendant shot noise with it. Rather, reducing ISO increases the shot noise by 41% relative to signal.
Another way of stating this is that the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) degrades by 41% with each increasing stop of ISO.
No - 'dosdan' is/was correct - but you however, are confused/not correct...
I hope you meant 'gollywop' here,...
Yes, I should/meant to say... "...'gollywop' is/was correct - 'dosdan' is confused/incorrect..."
... but really, you don't have to put my name in quotes. My mother never did.
At the risk of sounding insensitive/politically incorrect - did your mother actually name or call you gollywop?!
Would you dare to question her?
Somehow I've been finding this video to be increasingly relevant these days. :-)
I can only side with some of the viewer responses there...

> "I suppose that somewhere, this is considered funny"

>> "No, it's really not"

...these responses are a lot wittier/funnier than the video (which just isn't) - as is usually the case for the 99.999% of garbage and dross that makes up 'youtube'.
Funny is not the issue; relevance is. I never found it very funny either, even when I first saw it many, many years ago. But somehow, at times like this, it keeps coming back to me as pretty much sizing up what's needed. Perhaps its lack of funniness is part of the reason.
Meanwhile, Dan may well have written too quickly, likely being preoccupied more with the specifics of exposition than with the calculation, but I've rarely known him to be confused.
He posted the wrong answer/calculation.
You're absolutely right.
He also had contradicted someone who had actually posted a perfectly valid/correct statement.
You're absolutely right.
When and if 'preoccupied with the specifics of exposition' - it is still generally preferable, ideally, not to subsequently issue forth the wrong/essentially almost '4rse-about-face' answer.
You're absolutely right.
If he wasn't 'confused' then he was plain 'incorrect' - I left both options open.
Yes, and that was very good of you – a bit overly pedantic, but very good of you.
[...even happens to me sometimes too].
Yep. I'm willing to bet that's a good bet.

--
gollywop

D8A95C7DB3724EC094214B212FB1F2AF.jpg
 
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