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Adobe heralds subscription-only future for Photoshop and Creative Suite

May 6, 2013 at 18:28:56 GMT
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Adobe has said it will no longer be developing its Creative Suite range of software, leaving its subscription and cloud-based Creative Cloud as the only way of accessing the latest version of Photoshop. Adobe has been trying to encourage users away from the traditional one-off payment licenses and on to a monthly payment model, with features such as online storage and syncing between devices. This latest move ups the ante by making it the only option for future versions of the software.

Adobe is clearly concerned about alienating existing users and has set the pricing of its Creative Cloud products at a similar level to its existing software. The cost of licensing just Photoshop CC over 18 months (the typical life-span of a version of Photoshop), is similar to the existing version-to-version upgrade prices, if you commit to a 24-month contract. Paying to use Photoshop CC on an ad-hoc, on/off basis will cost more (though opening the option of only paying for the software when you need it).

Adobe says it will continue to support CS6 but will not be replacing it. This allows it to focus its efforts on a single line of products, rather than trying to support both, in tandem. It also says it will allow the addition of processor-intensive features, such as Camera Shake Reduction tool, where the work can be conducted in the cloud.

To soften the blow, Adobe is offering discounted rates for current owners of Creative Suite (including previous versions), valid until August 2013. The move will not affect Lightroom customers, who will continue to be able to purchase 'perpetual' licenses.

However, while the move clearly makes sense for a company whose software has always been so widely pirated, such a dramatic move will undoubtedly be unsettling for many people who have always thought of software as a one-off purchase.

Adobe has published an open letter to its users and says it wants to start a dialogue with its user-base over the changes.


Press Release:

Adobe Accelerates Shift to the Cloud

LOS ANGELES — May 6, 2013 — At Adobe MAX, The Creativity Conference, Adobe (Nasdaq:ADBE) today accelerated its shift to the cloud with a major update to Adobe® Creative Cloud™, the company’s flagship offering for creatives. Today’s update to Creative Cloud is packed with features, reimagining the creative process through a new set of “CC” desktop applications and enhanced cross-device collaboration and publishing capabilities (see separate press release). With this update, creative files can be stored, synced and shared, via Creative Cloud, on Mac OS, Windows, iOS and Android; and Behance, the world’s leading online creative community, is integrated with Creative Cloud, so customers can showcase work, get feedback on projects and gain global exposure.

Creative Cloud’s advanced capabilities are making it a hit with the worldwide creative community: more than a half million paid members, and well over 2 million total members have signed up for Creative Cloud since it was launched in April 2012.

Adobe also announced that the company will focus creative software development efforts on its Creative Cloud offering moving forward. While Adobe Creative Suite® 6 products will continue to be supported and available for purchase, the company has no plans for future releases of Creative Suite or other CS products. Focusing development on Creative Cloud will not only accelerate the rate at which Adobe can innovate but also broaden the type of innovation the company can offer the creative community.

“We launched Creative Cloud a year ago and it has been a runaway success,” said David Wadhwani, senior vice president and general manager, Digital Media, Adobe. “By focusing our energy -- and our talented engineers -- on Creative Cloud, we’re able to put innovation in our members’ hands at a much faster pace.”

On top of new collaboration and publishing services and the integration of Behance, today’s announced update to Creative Cloud includes stunning versions of Adobe’s next generation of desktop applications -- including Adobe Photoshop® CC, InDesign® CC, Illustrator® CC, Dreamweaver® CC and Premiere® Pro CC. Adobe’s desktop tools, previously known as Creative Suite (CS), are now branded CC to reflect that they are an integral part of Creative Cloud and have been reinvented to support a more intuitive, connected way of creating.

Adobe is facilitating the transition to Creative Cloud with attractive pricing plans and promotions for individual members, teams and enterprise customers. For more details, visit: https://creative.adobe.com/plans. Adobe will continue to sell licenses for all CS6 products via electronic download from adobe.com and participating resellers.

About Creative Cloud

Adobe Creative Cloud is a membership-based service that provides users with access to download and install Adobe creative desktop applications; game developer tools and integration with the Adobe Touch Apps. With Creative Cloud membership, users also have access to: a vibrant global creative community; publishing services to deliver apps and websites; cloud storage and the ability to sync to virtually any device; and new products and exclusive updates as they’re developed.

Membership Plans and Availability

By signing up for Creative Cloud today, creatives will be set up to immediately download and use these latest cloud-enabled innovations from Adobe, when they are available next month. Creative Cloud membership for individuals is US$49.99 per month based on annual membership; existing customers who own CS3 to CS5.5 get their first year of Creative Cloud at the discounted rate of US $29.99 per month. Students and teachers can get Creative Cloud for $29.99 per month. Promotional pricing is available for some customers, including CS6 users. A team version of Creative Cloud includes everything individual members receive plus 100GB of storage and centralized deployment and administration capabilities. Creative Cloud for teams is priced at US $69.99 per month per seat. Existing customers, who own a volume license of CS3 or later, get their first year of Creative Cloud for teams at the discounted rate of US $39.99 per month per seat if they sign up before the end of August 2013.

Adobe also announced Creative Cloud for enterprise today and special licensing programs for educational institutions and government. For more details, visit: https://creative.adobe.com/plans.

Comments

Total comments: 1899
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Rage Joe
By Rage Joe (1 hour ago)

Just say NO to the extortionists!

1 upvote
Rage Joe
By Rage Joe (1 hour ago)

Just say NO to the extoritonists!

0 upvotes
todds
By todds (3 hours ago)

So I just tried to contact adobe to tell them how much I don't like this.
They connected me to CHAT. After I complained about subscription the person on the other end tried to sell me the subscription. WOW.

0 upvotes
todds
By todds (3 hours ago)

Good bye photoshop. I upgrade my LEGAL version every couple of versions. I think it costs $150-$200 every 4 or so years. It's a lot of money for a casual amateur user that isn't making money with this product. Ain't no way I'm gonna start paying $240 per year forever.

P.S. Can you use this new product if your internet connection is down?

0 upvotes
rdc13
By rdc13 (4 hours ago)

Can anybody say "New Coke"?

Does anybody remember it?

0 upvotes
artlmntl
By artlmntl (4 hours ago)

What a fine, roaring bonfire!

I would not sign up because I don't want to buy a subscription and I have no interest in anyone's cloud.

I place myself as a semi-pro. I've been an enthusiast for a long time, and now I find myself getting paid to shoot for some of my web clients.

I generally like Adobe products, but I don't like what I see happening here.

Also, I think PS Elements 11 is a lot better than some people here think it is. I've had a full PS CS3 installation for years and wanted updated ACR for my new camera. I also wanted a video prep solution, so I got the Elements PS/Premiere 2-pack for about $100. With El 11, I'm able to tweak my images quickly and efficiently. I also received the latest ACR upgrade. Bonus!

On the whole, PS EL 11 is a very good mix of drawing, painting, and photography tools - Much better than you can get for free and a bargain for the price. It's also a lot of fun to use. It will be a shame if Adobe kills this.

0 upvotes
samhain
By samhain (6 hours ago)

Good bye adobe. If i had to bet, i'd say this day marks the beginning of adobe's downfall.
Hopefully this move spawns new software companies to bring an equivalent product to the market, as there's definitely room at the PP software dinner table now.

1 upvote
Roland Karlsson
By Roland Karlsson (13 hours ago)

The main problem here is that Adobe is doing three unpopular moves at the same time. First they locks the product to the cloud. Then they introduces the subscription model. Then they dramatically raise the cost (for most readers here). Maybe its a good move. Maybe it is going to increase Adobe's incomes. Maybe. But ... they sure knows how to get unpopular :)

Comment edited 13 minutes after posting
1 upvote
Roland Karlsson
By Roland Karlsson (13 hours ago)

http://www.techradar.com/news/software/applications/best-free-photo-editing-software-10-top-image-editors-you-should-try-1135489

3 upvotes
Stefanie
By Stefanie (14 hours ago)

http://corelblogs.wordpress.com/2013/05/08/corel-is-all-about-giving-users-choice/

1 upvote
Abraxx
By Abraxx (3 hours ago)

Not an alternative for many of us, no MacOsX version :(

1 upvote
Camediadude
By Camediadude (15 hours ago)

Biggest news topic on dpreview, ever!

May 6: The day Adobe makes digital photography history, in one of the dumbest business moves ever. The beginning of the end for Adobe. Even if they apologize profusely now and take it all back, I sense that it is too late for them.

4 upvotes
LAstreetPhoto
By LAstreetPhoto (21 hours ago)

Just in case Adobe is monitoring this forum I will not EVER rent software, I will use Lightroom as long as it's for sale but if it goes to a subscription model I'm going back to Aperature. I find it funny that Lightroom is the one product that is not going to this model, could it be because Lightroom is the only product they sell that is not overpriced so it is not pirated nearly as much as photoshop. Hey Adobe here's an idea sell your CS suite for the educational price and maybe you will see sales go up and piracy go down!

4 upvotes
Carlos C
By Carlos C (14 hours ago)

Please note that Adobe has already said Lightroom cloud version will have premium features the retail one will not. Check the interview with the marketing vp posted in Dpreview a day or os ago. They will try to get everyone to move to CC by dumming down all retail versions.

1 upvote
Roland Karlsson
By Roland Karlsson (13 hours ago)

Yeah .... that is of course their plan. One part of that plan might be RAW support. Adobe has already started that plan. I have CS4, and I cannot open some camera's files due to the latest RAW converter only supported by CS6. That incompatibility might have been necessary, or just a part of the general plan. Who knows.

1 upvote
devinquent
By devinquent (21 hours ago)

Watch out Adobe that the same thing that you did to save us from QuarkXpress doesn't happen to you.

You saw how fast we jumped ship and how fast Quark drowned in their own dispassion and apathy towards it's customers

3 upvotes
ErnieG530
By ErnieG530 (22 hours ago)

Has anyone addressed the "Band Width" problem? I for one am limited to 5000mb per month upload! That isn't very many photos at all... A single file unedited from my Sony A77 is about 24mb, But edited that number goes quite a bit higher. The numbers just would not work for me at all.

3 upvotes
Roland Karlsson
By Roland Karlsson (13 hours ago)

As far as I understand, you don't need to up or down load any images at all.

1 upvote
Vince P
By Vince P (7 hours ago)

There is no need to upload or download images but that kind of limit is a real limitation for photography I would assume. You will lose the benefits of some of the cloud advantages going forwards. I don't think this will be an issue for the majority of their user base.

2 upvotes
Shamael
By Shamael (22 hours ago)

Adobe is on the way to death, they try to hang themselves. Yes, there are pirated softwares on the market, but most of those are used by occasional shooters who do a few slides a year in travel or at the week-end party. Serious photographers and Pro's pay their license. Adobe will only lose those who anyway do not pay a license, but on the end make a huge free publicity for their stuff. Today, others do as well, and at lower prices. A soft reasonably priced will sell, and no need to pirate it. For sure, for some pirated soft is just a sport, not a question of any investment. For others it is a way to use something they can not afford. Microsoft knows that 50% of all windows versions are pirated, and often, Microsoft internals are those who put such soft online in news servers and Torrents, they know that this makes the popularity of windows. I would no pay a limited time license for Photoshop. As retired, i still get the soft free from my former employer who has a corporate license.

4 upvotes
fotochase
By fotochase (23 hours ago)

I think Adobe has over-estimated it's industry dominance, and/or underestimated the competition.

5 upvotes
Rich Niemeyer
By Rich Niemeyer (1 day ago)

No problem for me. I just ordered Aperture and started to familiarize myself with it. As an advanced amateur, I don't need all of the power tools in PS. And Elements really seems only for beginners. I started with PS v3 and upgraded myself through CS 5. No more. Aperture will be fine until I explore the other options out there. What a shame...

4 upvotes
KTSFotos
By KTSFotos (1 day ago)

My first disappointment with Adobe. I'll look for the competition.

6 upvotes
Jack_LC
By Jack_LC (1 day ago)

And if LR goes the same way I will be making the move to Aperture!

Might even consider doing this when my LR4 version is superseded.

Comment edited 1 minute after posting
2 upvotes
Rexgig0
By Rexgig0 (1 day ago)

I reckon this is another reason for me to go in the direction of being a film shooter for my own photography; my nicest camera is a Nikon F6. (My employer requires my evidentiary images to be submitted as OOC JPEGs, so most of my equipment is digital.) I had recently been considering which digital post-processing system I should start using, and if this is the direction the industry is going, the answer for me might well be to remain, mostly, an analog dinosaur. I shoot so very few serious images per month, on my own time, to want to pay a monthly subscription to the owner of some "cloud."

Comment edited 1 minute after posting
1 upvote
intensity studios
By intensity studios (1 day ago)

DEATH TO CREATIVE CLOUD!

5 upvotes
Robin L
By Robin L (1 day ago)

Bye Bye Adobe.
In a way, you have helped many of us with a difficult decision we have been grappling with for years: is the licence fee value for money for the use we will actually get out of it? Sure, for imaging professionals, paying a monthly fee that can be written off as a business expense will be fine, but for those of us who have used your products for our non-money making hobbies, you have made it a no-brainer: ditch Adobe and use one of your competitor's products instead. I hope you factored that into your business model calculations.
Speaking personally, I have been using Photoshop less and less, and Aperture more and more for the type of work I do as a hobby. Your announcement today makes the final break much easier- I will continue to use my licenced copy of Photoshop CS6 for as long as it remains practical on my Mac, and after that you will never hear from me again. I just hope that Apple don't go the same way with Aperture.

4 upvotes
Mr Fartleberry
By Mr Fartleberry (1 day ago)

Goodbye Adopey.

6 upvotes
stevez
By stevez (1 day ago)

I suspect Adobe's bean counters have foreseen that they won't have enough enticing new features to compel outright purchase of Photoshop. Also, having a steady income flow has got to look good on the balance sheet, but I think it's going to bite them in the butt for the long term - time will tell.
Looking down the road, for me, I'll be processing my raw files in DXO optics Pro and perhaps using Topaz PhotofxLab for the creative end which does have layers, masks, blend modes, better selection tools and free upgrades. I also won't be renewing my NAPP membership.

2 upvotes
jaygeephoto
By jaygeephoto (1 day ago)

Inflationary pricing does not help anyone, providing better service does. It's more like a perpetual sucking sound to my revenue stream. Did you know the average data plan (for smart phones) is more or less price fixed at $100.00 per month here int the US? In the UK and most of Europe it's about $70.00. Where's the petition on that one?

1 upvote
Michael de Ruijter
By Michael de Ruijter (1 day ago)

We swap perpetual license for perpetual nonsense.

3 upvotes
Jon Lewis
By Jon Lewis (1 day ago)

Im not a Wall St analyst but is the stock price dropping???

Comment edited 2 times, last edit 2 minutes after posting
3 upvotes
Stefanie
By Stefanie (1 day ago)

Yes, and deservedly so....

3 upvotes
Nely
By Nely (1 day ago)

Yes , the stock price is down about 4%, while the S&P is up about 1% for the week.

Seeking revenue growth through a new business model rather than creating new products can be seen as a sign of weakness.

5 upvotes
jaygeephoto
By jaygeephoto (1 day ago)

When an imperial power becomes a dictatorship and levies an unfair levy on the populace they only invite upheaval and revolution. That's only if history is prologue. Good luck with the peasants Adobe!

4 upvotes
Robert Schambach
By Robert Schambach (1 day ago)

Google bought Nik software and reduced the price from around $500 to $149 it would be interesting to see chart with sales results before and after this price reduction. I will bet that they have increased sales substantially. Adobe should learn from the pros.

7 upvotes
revdr
By revdr (1 day ago)

I'm done.

6 upvotes
davejm53
By davejm53 (1 day ago)

Nope. I'll never take a bite. I'll continue to run with the version I have. I refuse to rent software from this company.
You know what is too bad? Adobe was the software that photographers always worked for to get. Invested time and money in. Now, it is going to cost the new guy so much more. I'm not talking the corporations, they will just pass on costs. I'm talking the guy that does this for the love. But you know, I take the picture, the software just helps me develop it. What I have now works just fine. I just saved myself $2400 over the next 10 years by not buying it. Time for another camera maybe :).

Comment edited 4 minutes after posting
3 upvotes
Andre Fortier
By Andre Fortier (1 day ago)

There is a petition for Adobe Systems Incorporated: Eliminate the mandatory "creative cloud" subscription model at:

http://www.change.org/petitions/adobe-systems-incorporated-eliminate-t he-mandatory-creative-cloud-subscription-model

Please sign the petition to have your voice heard.

3 upvotes
Andre Fortier
By Andre Fortier (1 day ago)

I added this link also to my Facebook and Flickr accounts to encourage as many people I know to sign the petition.

0 upvotes
Andre Fortier
By Andre Fortier (1 day ago)

I added this link also to my Facebook and Flickr accounts to encourage as many people I know to sign the petition.

0 upvotes
mikesco
By mikesco (1 day ago)

Likely the best alternative for many will be to keep using the older versions of Photoshop. While they will not updated camera RAW profiles, Adobe has committed (for now at least) to providing an up to date free raw to dng convertor. Then perhaps we can support plugin development by third parties for some additional features.

Comment edited 49 seconds after posting
0 upvotes
showmeyourpics
By showmeyourpics (1 day ago)

After so many years, time to look for alternatives.

6 upvotes
Rob
By Rob (1 day ago)

The creative suite is a mature product and important "gotta have it" features will become far less frequent. Therefore, in order to grow revenues, a monthly tax will be imposed for its continued use. Its the ubiquitous monthly lease plan. Companies do make more off of those who perpetually lease and never own, all conveniently broken down into "small monthly payments". The cost of entry is reduced, but over time you will spend far more. Most consumers are only concerned with "what will my monthly payment be?".

I will not trade in my "perpetual license" for a perpetual lease payment.

4 upvotes
PeterTV
By PeterTV (1 day ago)

I guess that the decision of Adobe to offer a lease model for PS is just a stupid idea. I got the impression that Adobe will loose their loyal amateur base when I follow the majority of comments stating that they won't accept the lease model of CC. But for what does this amateur base stand for? Maybe only for a small portion of the annual revenue but also for the entire world of forums, free training videos on you tube, "how to" recommendations on blogs, training of friends and family. What happens if that will end soon. Students won't lease Adobe, they will not train their capabilities to use this product. No one in a forum will ask, how can I with photoshop, the editors will not write new "PS in praxis" books because they won't be sold etc. And slowly but surely Adobe will be as important for privat use as SAP ERP systems.
Corporation working on Adobe will get issues to find trained and experienced PS user. As a consequence Adobe will loose ther outstanding position in the market.

Comment edited 4 times, last edit 7 minutes after posting
2 upvotes
Jeremy Park
By Jeremy Park (1 day ago)

it says a coupe of things to me....
1. they must feel future innovations for products like CS7 and beyond will be too limited to drive new sales !
2. Professionals aren't upgrading as much as they used to (again issues with innovation and competition)

http://www.jeremypark.com.au/

6 upvotes
GaryJP
By GaryJP (1 day ago)

Exactly right. Software upgrades are notable improvements up to a point. What they want to do is lock in profits now because they have passed that point.

2 upvotes
intensity studios
By intensity studios (1 day ago)

Yeah what do you do when your product is mature and nearly perfect?

Well, what Adobe did was ruin it by adding a pricing scheme nobody is cool with

1 upvote
KAllen
By KAllen (1 day ago)

I bet they took a look at Photographers and calculated the programs we use, which is basically two, the lose is not that great to them.
Designers will use a package, Video editors/producers will use a package etc
So basically stuff those of us that only use Photoshop and or Lightroom.
If I needed the extended version of PS I would of bought it.
How annoying will it be every time you log on having to download some minor upgrade. Having Flash is driving me nuts, constant updates.

2 upvotes
88SAL
By 88SAL (1 day ago)

WoP - World of Photoshop. As a gamer I enjoyed WoW for a time but HATED every second of paying subscription.

2 upvotes
KAllen
By KAllen (1 day ago)

I shoot for a living I have a vast library which I manage with Aperture.
If Apple decided to go the same route, I would have to move to another program.
Many hours get invested into sorting/key-wording, to risk loosing it all because in effect you don't own the library. The statement that LR will get extra development on Cloud should be a warning to LR users.
I'm not now buying Premier or bothering with Photoshop upgrades, plenty of decent alternatives around. Cheaper too.

4 upvotes
Spookyer
By Spookyer (1 day ago)

I am against paying for software via subscription so I will not sign up for this subscription and will look at alternatives when the time comes that I need to upgrade my current image software. I mostly use LR these days so I could not justify regular outlays on the latest and greatest PS.

3 upvotes
tell the truth
By tell the truth (1 day ago)

ZERO plus ZERO times ZERO equals -- ZERO . That shall be how much you make from my upgrades Adobe ! NO NO NO NO NO NO up grades to CC . So what does CC stand for ?? C lueless C ompany ?? WRONG ADOBE WRONG ! -- BAD ADOBE BAD !!! SAD ADOBE SAD ! A buddy of mine sad Adobe is run by a moron,, I said I really think it is run by a MOREOFF !!

3 upvotes
mcslsk
By mcslsk (1 day ago)

Did you know that Foxit is a nice free alternative to Adobe PDF Reader? Switch before they make Adobe Reader a monthly subscription.

7 upvotes
agentul
By agentul (1 day ago)

there's also Bluebeam.

1 upvote
Andre Fortier
By Andre Fortier (1 day ago)

For me, this subscription model marks the end of my support to Adobe. I find this subscription cloud based model absolutely unacceptable and for Adobe to force this upon its clients is also a business practice that I don't think should be condoned. I call for a blackmail of their product and will be the first to do so.

I'll continue to use Creative Suite and Lightroom for a while and will not upgrade nor license anything else from Adboe. If Adobe does not reconsider it's licensing model to be the same standalone model that I've had for years, I will transition to Apple Aperture for my digital management software and use Open source software for all my other needs (ie: Gimp for photo editing is a great alternative)

Comment edited 6 minutes after posting
11 upvotes
lightpainterx
By lightpainterx (1 day ago)

I agree with you. You should give Photoline a try too. I have been using it for a few years now and am very happy with it. It's not free but there is a free 30 day trial that afterwards has a 10 second time delay on launching. www.pl32.com

1 upvote
HowaboutRAW
By HowaboutRAW (1 day ago)

lightpainterx:

Photoline has a nothing raw converter and many cameras are supported. But it's okay for editing once you have a tiff. Sort of like Paintshop.

0 upvotes
HowaboutRAW
By HowaboutRAW (1 day ago)

Oops: Many cameras are not supported by Photoline.

0 upvotes
Gesture
By Gesture (1 day ago)

Has Thomas Knoll spoken on this?

1 upvote
RossN
By RossN (1 day ago)

As a hobbyist, I primarily use Lightroom, and occasionally (maybe 1x/mo) PS CS5. I can justify buying your product if I use it (remember, occasionally) for a few years. If I'm forced to pay a monthly subscription, I'll find different software such as GIMP or ACDSee. If the Lightroom perpetual license goes away, I'll use Aperture. Adobe -- you won't lose my sale immediately, but next year when I would have considered a software upgrade, I will not buy a subscription and you will certainly lose my business. My money will go to your competitors.

10 upvotes
vincent__l
By vincent__l (1 day ago)

I've just created a Kickstarter for "Pet Cloud." As long as you pay your monthly subscription fee you get to enjoy your pet. I've crunched the numbers and it will save owners money in the long run. The business will include 20GB of online storage so you can share your pet pictures. Hey Adobe, don't scoff. I'm pretty sure my Kickstarter will have a smoother launch than CC.

0 upvotes
devinquent
By devinquent (1 day ago)

As a self employed graphic designer, I have paid thousands of dollars per upgrade since 1990. I still have my original cartons.

For my trouble and investment in Adobe products, I am awarded $240 for my continued loyalty ($20 per month for 12 months.)

Once I enjoy that wondrous consideration, I then become equal in status to the next new user on the block. We both pay the same price from now on. Ahhhh: Bitter Aftertaste. Loyalty: Snap Frozen.

Adobe have crawled all the way to the top on the backs of users like myself. WE are your grass roots, your backbone, your appreciators and adorers. WE LOVE your products but not your treatment of us with this one sided agreement.

This is so wrong. Consider the savings alone you will make in production costs, let alone patches and after market service becoming so generalised.

This loyalty should be rewarded - not $20 a month for 12 months - but for the years of investment in dollar terms.

Whack an unsharp mask on that.

6 upvotes
Ruy Penalva
By Ruy Penalva (1 day ago)

Sheet. I will remain on the ground.

1 upvote
jberk
By jberk (1 day ago)

Sign the petition against the change.

http://www.change.org/petitions/adobe-systems-incorporated-eliminate-the-mandatory-creative-cloud-subscription-model#supporters

1 upvote
AbrasiveReducer
By AbrasiveReducer (1 day ago)

Signing is great but just in case begging doesn't work, vote a second time, with your feet.

3 upvotes
Total comments: 1899
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