Advice to clearly photograph objects about 10mm in size from ~100 meters

I am well aware that I do not comprehend fully what I am asking. I do recall saying I am new to photography.

Could you or someone else please help me understand the basics?

Using an example:

• Consider a stationary square object that is say 400mm in length and width (think of a book).
• Now imagine this book standing on a shelf that is 50 meters in front of you.
• Say you want to film this book in such a way that you are able to read the text from your 50 meter away vantage point. In other words the footage should seem as though you the book is within arms length (let's say 750mm) in front of you.
  
• What camera specifications do I need to know and how do I work out what the specific requirements are (focal lengths, lenses, etc, I really don't know)?

At this moment can we just ignore whether it is technically or financially feasible (I will return to these concerns shortly) and just concentrate on helping me understand the theory including any relevant terminology. I have tried wikipedia and a few other sources to learn but I understand concepts best with worked examples.